{"id":961,"date":"2019-12-28T10:59:48","date_gmt":"2019-12-28T10:59:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/igbis.edu.my\/backupold2022\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/?page_id=961"},"modified":"2026-08-18T11:32:53","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T03:32:53","slug":"battles","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/battles\/","title":{"rendered":"Outcome of the First World War"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Using the resources on this page, the key question you need to answer is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>What determined the outcome of the Allied victory in 1918?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"World War I (short version)\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/SLj5r2nZHB8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol id=\"Schlieffen\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#Schlieffen\">Schlieffen Plan<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Trench\">Trench Warfare<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Somme\">Battle of the Somme<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Air\">War in the Air<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Sea\">War in the Sea<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Economic\">Economic and Human Resources<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Women\">Role of Women<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#USA\">USA Entry into the War<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#100\">Combined Arms (Kaiserschlacht\/ 100 Days&#8217; Offensive)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Central\">Domestic Instability of the Central Powers<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Entente\">Entente Won\/ Central Powers Lost<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Historiography\">Historiography<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Resources\">Other Resources<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-black-color has-light-green-cyan-background-color has-text-color has-background\"><strong>Who should win?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"757\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2021\/09\/Europe-1914-1024x757.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2021\/09\/Europe-1914-1024x757.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2021\/09\/Europe-1914-300x222.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2021\/09\/Europe-1914-768x567.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2021\/09\/Europe-1914-1536x1135.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2021\/09\/Europe-1914.jpeg 1807w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\">\n<li><strong>The Schlieffen Plan<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Each country plans ahead for a future war. Before the First World War, France planned for a possible German invasion, Austria-Hungary planned for a war against Russia, (and vice-versa), and Britain relied on its navy for both offensive or defensive operations. After Russia and France signed an alliance in 1894, Germany faced a possible future war from both sides. How would Germany fight both in the east and west at the same time?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historylearningsite.co.uk\/world-war-one\/causes-of-world-war-one\/the-schlieffen-plan\/\">Schlieffen Plan<\/a>&nbsp;was first devised in 1905 by the commander of the then German forces, General von Schlieffen. The war plans of other countries can be found on these two links:&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.worldwar1.com\/tlwplans.htm\">World War 1.com<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.firstworldwar.com\/features\/plans.htm\">First World War.com<\/a>. However, the German plan is the most famous. Can you think why?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Schlieffen Plan \u2013 Key questions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Why did it fail?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Were there alternative plans?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How did this war plan affect Germany\u2019s foreign policy?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/worldwars\/wwone\/launch_ani_western_front.shtml\">The Western Front in 1914<\/a> &#8211; requires flash player<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.firstworldwar.com\/bio\/moltke.htm\">From First World War.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/history-the-arts\/history\/world-history\/the-schlieffen-plan\">From Open University<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Schlieffen Plan - And Why It Failed I THE GREAT WAR Special feat. AlternateHistoryHub\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lHeMPV5VDR4?start=84&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The failure of the Schlieffen Plan\" width=\"525\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/i9WsVIT0AD0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Russian railways had improved because of their failure in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5. The Tsar decided that Russian ambitions in Asia should be halted and he should focus on the west. As a result, the Russian armies were ready for war in under four weeks rather than six.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Von Schlieffen was not in charge when the war began. His successor, von Moltke, altered the plans.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The plan expected Germany to fight Belgium and France in the west. It did not expect to take on Britain too. This involvement slowed down the German advance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Belgian Army fought harder than expected. The Schlieffen Plan had expected a quick surrender by France.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the key British historians, <strong>Max Hastings<\/strong>, argues that the Schlieffen Plan was never going to work. He argues that the weapons had improved but not the infrastructure to move them long distances. He also criticised the plan because it did not take into account the size of the armies. The French Army was much larger in 1914 than in 1905 so could afford to take more casualties before surrendering. This would delay the Schlieffen Plan and lead to its failure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Can Germany still win after the failure of the Schlieffen Plan?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What does she need to do to defeat the Entente powers?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"Trench\"><strong>2. Trench Warfare<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/revolutionsarethelocomotivesofhistory.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/05\/fwwtrenchsystem.jpg?w=652&amp;h=498\" alt=\"FWWtrenchsystem\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Why Trenches? - WW1 Uncut: Dan Snow - BBC\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XqIhpYlhZKQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-historynet wp-block-embed-historynet\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/www.historynet.com\/germanys-lion-defensive.htm\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Practices at War  WWI - Land\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pzhJzzhLgHo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"Somme\"><strong>3. Battle of the Somme<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Battle of the Somme is the most infamous of the First World War for Britain and its former empire. It suffered its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/why-was-the-battle-of-the-somme-so-deadly\">worst day in military history<\/a> and is argued over today about the purpose of fighting such a battle. The battle itself is also a good case study to analyse the use of weapons and resources. It could also be used to study the strategic errors of both sides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The battle was fought to relieve pressure on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Battle-of-Verdun\">Verdun<\/a> as the German and French forces were fighting a titanic struggle in the area. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"636\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Somme-Map-1024x636.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Somme-Map-1024x636.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Somme-Map-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Somme-Map-768x477.jpg 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Somme-Map.jpg 1288w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This proved successful but the casualty figures for the Entente powers were extremely high. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"594\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-21-at-2.21.20-PM-1024x594.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3291\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-21-at-2.21.20-PM-1024x594.png 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-21-at-2.21.20-PM-300x174.png 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-21-at-2.21.20-PM-768x445.png 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-21-at-2.21.20-PM-1536x891.png 1536w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-21-at-2.21.20-PM.png 1562w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1022625\/casualty-fatalities-statistics-battle-somme-1916\/<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Arguing that the &#8216;Somme&#8217; was a success therefore is not entirely accepted. The Entente powers gained just over eleven kilometres in territory but at the expense of 620 000 casualties. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, the following quote is from a piece by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.johndclare.net\/wwi3_DuffCooper_interp_Somme.htm\">Duff Cooper<\/a>. It is still debated today if the German officer actually said it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"154\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-21-at-2.07.47-PM-1024x154.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-21-at-2.07.47-PM-1024x154.png 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-21-at-2.07.47-PM-300x45.png 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-21-at-2.07.47-PM-768x115.png 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-21-at-2.07.47-PM-1536x231.png 1536w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-21-at-2.07.47-PM.png 1544w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/world-war-i\/battle-of-the-somme\">History.com<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the senior British First World War historians, Gary Sheffield, delivers a lecture about the Battle of the Somme below. His perspective is worth using in any essay on the practices of war. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Battle of the Somme reassessed | Prof Gary Sheffield\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yxS9GhiQ6kI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The Battle of the Somme is further useful for studying the tank, it was first used on September 1916. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Beasts of Steel - The First Tanks On The Battlefield I THE GREAT WAR Week 112\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kLvZDRphPhQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-x wp-block-embed-x\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"525\" data-dnt=\"true\"><p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Some great tank footage taken in France during a battlefield tour in July 1917. This rare footage shows a \u2018Tankodrome\u2019 with a very special guest, Bertie, aka HM King George V <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/hashtag\/WW1?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#WW1<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/hashtag\/FWW?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#FWW<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/QzJnJTntzD\">pic.twitter.com\/QzJnJTntzD<\/a><\/p>&mdash; Stephen Chambers (@SteveJChambers) <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/SteveJChambers\/status\/1366706021251633152?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 2, 2021<\/a><\/blockquote><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.x.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"Air\"><strong>4. War in the Air<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Practices of War  WWI Air\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MylsU8tF0SQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"Sea\"><strong>5. War in the Sea<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Battle of Jutland Explained\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/CZH5AwLuJ2E?start=1&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forces.net\/services\/navy\/jutland-battle-lost-and-war-won\">The Battle of Jutland<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"Economic\"><strong>6. Economic and human resources<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-history-hit wp-block-embed-history-hit\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"fydaym7YJn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhit.com\/facts-about-mobilisation-and-recruitment-for-world-war-one\/\">10 Facts About Mobilisation and Recruitment for World War One<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;10 Facts About Mobilisation and Recruitment for World War One&#8221; &#8212; History Hit\" src=\"https:\/\/www.historyhit.com\/facts-about-mobilisation-and-recruitment-for-world-war-one\/embed\/#?secret=jjrqEYrT13#?secret=fydaym7YJn\" data-secret=\"fydaym7YJn\" width=\"525\" height=\"296\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ww1.habsburger.net\/en\/chapters\/total-mobilisation-first-world-war-and-special-measures\">Total Mobilisation and Special Measures<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spartacus-educational.com\/FWWarmies1914.htm\">Size of Armies<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spartacus-educational.com\/FWWdeaths.htm\">Total Deaths<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spartacus-educational.com\/FWWcosts.htm\">Financial Cost of the War<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"Women\"><strong>7. Role of Women<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/spartacus-educational.com\/FWWemploy.htm\">Employment in Britain<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"USA\"><strong>8. USA Entry into the War<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/sinking-of-the-lusitania-1778317\">Sinking of the Lusitania<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/british-naval-convoy-system-introduced\">British Convoy System<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/convoy-system-definition-ww1-ww2.html\">The Convoy System<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/World-War-I\/The-U-S-entry-into-the-war\">USA and how they influenced the convoy system<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theworldwar.org\/learn\/wwi\/zimmermann-telegram\">Zimmerman Telegram<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/5406235\/everything-you-know-about-how-world-war-i-ended-is-wrong\/\">How the US won the war<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How the U.S. Army Won World War I - Geoffrey Wawro\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vJIFDjaf0mg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"100\"><strong>9. Combined Arms (Kaiserschlacht\/ 100 Days Offensive)<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Western Front had been in a stalemate since the Autumn of 1914. But by late 1917, at the <strong>Battle of Caporetto<\/strong>, mobility returned. The German Army defeated the Italians using strategies developed over time. They would also use them the following year in the Ludendorff Offensive, although less successfully. On the other side, the Allies combined their infantry, artillery, aircraft, tanks, and cavalry too, allowing them to win the First World War with their Hundred Days Offensive in the summer of 1918. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The armies of 1914 relied on massed infantry and artillery support, with the cavalry arm aimed to exploit any advantage using their speed and power. This was very much a <strong>nineteenth-century way of warfare<\/strong>.  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In 1916, battles were fought with <strong>huge artillery barrages preceding massed infantry attacks<\/strong>. The Battle of the Somme was a good example of this. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>By 1918, attacks by the British Army could take place at night because of better training and artillery supported the infantry periodically, so the enemy could not know when zero hour took place. This proved that <strong>strategies and tactics evolved throughout the war<\/strong>.  <strong>Gary Sheffield <\/strong>judged the army as &#8216;a highly effective battle-winning, all arms force&#8217;. However, a caveat to this is that not all the army contributed to this. There remained officers who preferred the pre-war fighting style they had been trained on, albeit with a few changes. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The following is evidence of the British Army&#8217;s evolution and one of the reasons why the Hundred Days Offensive was successful. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>There was a variety of artillery techniques used, adapting to the needs of the battle. Ammunition was varied too, high explosives, shrapnel, and smoke.  Furthermore, it supported infantry attacks much more closely.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aerial spotting developed to help artillery locate their targets and pinpoint enemy weaknesses. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some historians argue that the First World War saw a &#8216;Revolution in Military Affairs&#8217;.  This rare occurrence changed the way nations fight battles, so important that it continues today. What changed was how artillery could now fire at targets without having to see them. This is called indirect fire. Aircraft would spot targets, relay it back to the artillery arm of the army, and then they would triangulate the position for the individual units. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><strong>10. Domestic Instability of the Central Powers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read the following article and identify the domestic problems of Austria-Hungary during the First World War. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net\/article\/austria-hungary\">Austria-Hungary by Pieter M. Judson<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following article explains how each of the Central Powers surrendered or agreed peace terms during the late summer and autumn of 1918.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net\/article\/the_military_collapse_of_the_central_powers\">The Military Collapse of the Central Powers<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An important point from the article above, written by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Books-Graydon-Tunstall\/s?rh=n%3A283155%2Cp_27%3AGraydon+A+Tunstall\">Graydon Tunstal<\/a>l, is that President Wilson&#8217;s Fourteen Points were influential in weakening the Austro-Hungarian empire. They also fed nationalist movements which were growing across Europe. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"905\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/10\/Screenshot-2022-10-05-at-7.29.16-AM-1-905x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/10\/Screenshot-2022-10-05-at-7.29.16-AM-1-905x1024.png 905w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/10\/Screenshot-2022-10-05-at-7.29.16-AM-1-265x300.png 265w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/10\/Screenshot-2022-10-05-at-7.29.16-AM-1-768x869.png 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/10\/Screenshot-2022-10-05-at-7.29.16-AM-1.png 1112w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Although Wilson made them public in a speech in January 1919, they were known to the politicians before the war ended. They were discussed at government level and nominally accepted by them in order to bring an end to the war. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The autumn or fall of 1918 proved disastrous for the Central Powers. One by one, each of them reached an agreement to leave the war or surrendered. Economically and politically, the war had taken too much of a strain on the weaker members of the Central Powers. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Ottoman Empire<\/strong>, or Turks, had been defeated by the British in October 1918. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bulgaria<\/strong> surrenders in September 1918.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Yugoslavia<\/strong> declares itself an independent state from Austria-Hungary in October 1918. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Austria<\/strong> signs an armistice on 3 November. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hungary<\/strong> begins transitioning away from a monarchy in October 1918, moving to a national council that advocated exiting the war. <em>However, despite King Charles being exiled in 1921, the country had a regent in charge and it remained a kingdom, albeit with an active parliament. <\/em> <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Furthermore, the <strong>British naval blockade<\/strong> had &#8216;succeeded&#8217; in limiting food supplies to German civilians. This had the effect of creating both economic and political discontent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"Entente\"><strong>11. Entente Won\/ Central Powers Lost<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Can you argue the Entente won when Russia lost? <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If Britain suffered so much financially from the war, did she really win?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-europe-centenary wp-block-embed-europe-centenary\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"CCj2h5GWWr\"><a href=\"https:\/\/europecentenary.eu\/how-did-the-triple-entente-manage-to-win-the-great-war\/\">How did the Triple Entente manage to win the Great War?<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;How did the Triple Entente manage to win the Great War?&#8221; &#8212; Europe Centenary\" src=\"https:\/\/europecentenary.eu\/how-did-the-triple-entente-manage-to-win-the-great-war\/embed\/#?secret=Isys9JrLED#?secret=CCj2h5GWWr\" data-secret=\"CCj2h5GWWr\" width=\"525\" height=\"296\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.historia.ro\/sectiune\/actualitate\/articol\/how-did-the-triple-entente-manage-to-win-the-great-war\">How did the Entente manage to win the Great War?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centenarybattlefieldtours.org\/historical-enquiries\/did-allies-win-first-world-war-or-did-central-powers-lose-it\">Did the Allies win the First World War or did the Central Powers lose It?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/world-war-i-why-allies-won\">Professor of Economic History<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/alphahistory.com\/worldwar1\/german-surrender\/\">Alpha History<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Explaining Allied Victory in WW1 - Part 1\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wwyf6qAmGak?start=1&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-background-color has-background\"><p class=\"has-vivid-red-background-color has-background\" id=\"Historiography\"><strong>12. Historiography<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mrallsophistory.com\/revision\/historiography-who-was-responsible-for-world-war-1.html?utm_source=ReviveOldPost&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_campaign=ReviveOldPost\">Historiography of the First World War<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/world-war-i-why-allies-won\">Why the Allies won, by Stephen Broadberry<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the article above,&nbsp;<strong>Stephen Broadberry<\/strong>&nbsp;argues that the quantity and quality of Allied resources was the determining factor in them winning the First World War. The Triple Entente had better economies than the Central Powers, only Germany a leading power for the latter, so was able to outproduce and with better quality goods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gary Sheffield<\/strong> argues that the Allies had a strategy that won the war. Watch the following video to learn more. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Gary Sheffield, &quot;How The West Won World War I&quot;\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/G6o_UcchTlM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Jennifer D. Keene<\/strong> in her analysis of the US and the First World War (see link below) that their entry into the war proved decisive in 1918.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net\/article\/united_states_of_america\">USA and the First World War<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"292\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-19-at-10.22.47-AM-1024x292.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7987\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-19-at-10.22.47-AM-1024x292.png 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-19-at-10.22.47-AM-300x85.png 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-19-at-10.22.47-AM-768x219.png 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-19-at-10.22.47-AM.png 1390w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"493\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-19-at-10.23.49-AM-1024x493.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7988\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-19-at-10.23.49-AM-1024x493.png 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-19-at-10.23.49-AM-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-19-at-10.23.49-AM-768x370.png 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-19-at-10.23.49-AM-1536x739.png 1536w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-19-at-10.23.49-AM.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-acast wp-block-embed-acast\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/play.acast.com\/s\/the-rest-is-history-podcast\/90.thewesternfront\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-purple-background-color has-background\"><p class=\"has-vivid-purple-background-color has-background\" id=\"Resources\"><strong>13. Other Resources<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Armistice 1918\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/R9wgefi8lqU?start=64&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Using the resources on this page, the key question you need to answer is: What determined the outcome of the Allied victory in 1918? Who should win? Each country plans ahead for a future war. Before the First World War, France planned for a possible German invasion, Austria-Hungary planned for a war against Russia, (and &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/battles\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Outcome of the First World War&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-961","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/961","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/95"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=961"}],"version-history":[{"count":69,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/961\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12051,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/961\/revisions\/12051"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=961"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}