{"id":4407,"date":"2021-06-16T11:24:25","date_gmt":"2021-06-16T03:24:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/igbis.edu.my\/backupold2022\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/?page_id=4407"},"modified":"2023-06-02T11:01:26","modified_gmt":"2023-06-02T03:01:26","slug":"aims-and-results-of-policies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/mussolini\/aims-and-results-of-policies\/","title":{"rendered":"Aims and Results of Policies"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Women<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taken from <em>Women under Italian Fascism<\/em> by Alexander de Grand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Women played an important role in the<strong> Battle for Births and Land<\/strong>. The former was key to Italy&#8217;s future according to the Fascists. Mussolini &#8211; &#8216;Work, where it is not a direct impediment, distracts from conception&#8217;. The Fascists awarded <strong>gold medals to &#8216;producers&#8217; of many children <\/strong>as an example of their belief in the importance of higher birth rates. As an incentive to men too, fathers with many children were more likely to get employment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Women who <strong>practised birth control were threatened<\/strong> with various consequences and education for it was also banned by the Rocco Code of 1927.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>As society became more conservative, the role of women became more traditional.<\/strong> Consequently, they were not politically active and this could be seen as a success for the Fascist regime. Some middle-class women became advocates of suffrage before the war and were optimistic afterwards. Unfortunately for them, <strong>they did not achieve women&#8217;s suffrage until 1945<\/strong>, although in 1925 Mussolini did allow them to vote in <strong>local elections<\/strong>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, as <strong>some women took part in the resistance<\/strong> during the Second World War, it is hard to judge how successful the Fascist government was in this.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One of the reasons to drive the policy of women and conservatism is that they would <strong>stay at home and reduce unemploymen<\/strong>t. In 1881, over 40% of women were employed. This declined to 26.5% in 1921 and 18.5% in 1931, the Fascists were successful but it could be argued the change was cultural too. Many emigrated to the US (making up 60% of Italian immigrants) and veterans from the war had more influence when demanding jobs after the war.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Before the Fascists came to power in 1922, their constitution was influenced by the <a href=\"https:\/\/smarthistory.org\/italian-futurism-an-introduction\/\"><strong>Futurists<\/strong><\/a>. Consequently, one of the rules was to allow women full voting rights and permitted to hold high office. However, after they took power the issue of women&#8217;s rights was forgotten. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As the regime became a dictatorship as a result of the Acerbo Law of 1924, a writer commented that <strong>both sexes were now equal<\/strong> &#8211;<strong> they were both disenfranchised<\/strong>!<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Under Mussolini, <strong>female teachers were discouraged<\/strong> and they were prevented from joining the civil service. However, women continued to <strong>dominate the schools for younger children and the medical profession<\/strong>. Some were also able to join higher status positions such as lawyers, architects, and engineers, although numbers were not high. As the country embarked on war in the 1930s, ironically <strong>more women passed out from teacher training colleges than men.    <\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There was an attempt to merge feminism and fascism by Elsa Goss, the director of <strong>La Chiosa <\/strong>of Genoa in 1926. However, political magazines aiming to forward women&#8217;s rights were discouraged and La Chiosa became a fashion publication instead. One criticism against women and politics is that it was a factor in the declining birth rate. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>Lateran States deal of 1929 further limited the role of women.<\/strong> The Catholic Church sought to preserve the family institution and consequently, their partnership with Mussolini&#8217;s government strengthened this view in Italy. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The official position of women&#8217;s publications was that the Fascists did more for women than any previous liberal regime. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Women Taken from Women under Italian Fascism by Alexander de Grand.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"parent":1772,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4407","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/95"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4407"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4407\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8246,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4407\/revisions\/8246"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1772"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}