{"id":4304,"date":"2021-06-13T14:45:26","date_gmt":"2021-06-13T06:45:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/igbis.edu.my\/backupold2022\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/?page_id=4304"},"modified":"2025-09-04T13:38:05","modified_gmt":"2025-09-04T05:38:05","slug":"mussolini-rise-to-power","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/mussolini-rise-to-power\/","title":{"rendered":"Rise to Power pre-1922"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#Timeline\">Timeline<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#First-World-War\">First World War<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Fiume\">Fiume<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#March-on-Rome\">March on Rome<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Fascism\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#Fascism\">Fascism<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Luck\">Luck<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#Revision\">Revision<\/a><br><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"Timeline\"><strong>Timeline<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1\"><strong>1861 <\/strong>Formation of an independent Italy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1870<\/strong> The Papal States incorporated into Italy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1895-6<\/strong> First Italo-Abyssinian War<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1911<\/strong> Italy invades Libya<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1912<\/strong> Mussolini becomes editor of the Socialist newspaper Avanti<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1914<\/strong> First World War begins, Mussolini expelled from the Party<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1915<\/strong> Italy signs the Treaty of London<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1917<\/strong> Battle of Caporetto<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1918<\/strong> First World War ends<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1919<\/strong> Treaty of Versailles, Biennio Rosso years, Arditi begins, D&#8217;Annunzio takes Fiume.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1921<\/strong> Mussolini forms national Bloc with Giolitti, Pact of Pacification with Socialists, formation of National Fascist Party with Mussolini its leaders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1922<\/strong> March on Rome, Mussolini appointed PM<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/03\/Rise-to-Power-of-Mussolini-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1825\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/03\/Rise-to-Power-of-Mussolini-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/03\/Rise-to-Power-of-Mussolini-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/03\/Rise-to-Power-of-Mussolini-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/03\/Rise-to-Power-of-Mussolini-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/03\/Rise-to-Power-of-Mussolini-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The points in orange demonstrate that it was not inevitable that Mussolini would not come to power.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/03\/IMG_20200320_133009-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1856\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/03\/IMG_20200320_133009-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/03\/IMG_20200320_133009-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/03\/IMG_20200320_133009-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/03\/IMG_20200320_133009-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/03\/IMG_20200320_133009-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mussolini was a nationalist and a socialist. He was editor of the socialist newspaper, <em><strong>Avanti<\/strong><\/em>, before he was expelled from the party for supporting Italian involvement in the First World War. Although he became a fascist, he was still a socialist and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intellectualtakeout.org\/article\/what-original-fascist-manifesto-said\/\">Fascist manifesto<\/a> reflected this, e.g. to introduce a minimum wage, reduce the retirement age and improve workers&#8217; rights.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Evolution of Evil: The Story of Papa Doc and Benito Mussolini\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/22aSyj1f1z8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"First-World-War\"><strong>First World War<\/strong> <\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"From Socialist to Fascist - Benito Mussolini in World War 1 I WHO DID WHAT IN WW1?\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1Jg7fFYL3z4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following documentary is useful when putting Mussolini&#8217;s rise to power in context. It discusses the consequences of the First World War from European countries and how the conditions led to changes to the &#8216;Old World&#8217;. It is recommended you watch it all although if just for Mussolini, begin from 12.15. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"The Growth Of Fascism After The Great War | The Long Shadow (2\/3) | Timeline\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/54GJXMqat8s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the First World War, new governments spread across Europe. From Republican democracies to Communism and Fascism. Italy was the first to swing to the latter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Italy joined the First World War in <strong>1915<\/strong> but there was not a huge amount of popular support for doing so. She was promised land in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Treaty-of-London\">Treaty of London<\/a> by Britain, France and Russia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It suffered a series of defeats, the most notable being the <strong>Battle of Caporetto<\/strong>. There were 300 000 prisoners and 350 000 deserters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The military and political leadership got the blame for these defeats. One of the government&#8217;s placatory responses (one of the last acts by PM Orlando) was to offer the vote to all adult men. However, one of the downsides of <strong>proportional representation<\/strong> (also in Germany) was that extreme minorities could have a voice. Before 1914, the major political voices were either liberal or conservative. The male vote gave rise to socialists and communists. This led to political instability until 1922. Consequently, it was difficult to maintain a stable government because of the coalitions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mussolini took advantage of these conditions to eventually make himself leader and dispose of the <strong>liberal democracy<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The economic problems resulting from the First World war were also a factor in Mussolini coming to power. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-25-at-2.01.29-PM-1024x660.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7904\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-25-at-2.01.29-PM-1024x660.png 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-25-at-2.01.29-PM-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-25-at-2.01.29-PM-768x495.png 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-25-at-2.01.29-PM.png 1338w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"482\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-25-at-2.03.03-PM-1024x482.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7906\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-25-at-2.03.03-PM-1024x482.png 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-25-at-2.03.03-PM-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-25-at-2.03.03-PM-768x361.png 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-25-at-2.03.03-PM-1536x723.png 1536w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-25-at-2.03.03-PM.png 1764w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Marinkov, M. Chapter 5, <em>Conquering the Debt Mountain: Financial Repression and Italian Debt in the Interwar Period<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"Fiume\"><strong>Fiume<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.historytoday.com\/miscellanies\/fiume-escapade\">History Today &#8211; Gabriele D\u2019Annunzio\u2019s Fiume Escapade<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"701\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-29-at-11.08.05-AM-1024x701.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6502\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-29-at-11.08.05-AM-1024x701.png 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-29-at-11.08.05-AM-300x205.png 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-29-at-11.08.05-AM-768x525.png 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-29-at-11.08.05-AM.png 1064w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"March-on-Rome\"><strong>March on Rome<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Rise of Fascism and Mussolini&#039;s March on Rome I Between 2 Wars I 1922 Part 1 of 2\" width=\"525\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/O9fCzJR60uQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-warfare-history-network wp-block-embed-warfare-history-network\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\nhttps:\/\/warfarehistorynetwork.com\/2018\/02\/01\/benito-mussolini-the-fascist-march-on-rome\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stitcher.com\/podcast\/versus-history-podcast\/e\/61773681\">Versus History &#8211; The Rise of Mussolini<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/world-history\/euro-hist\/mussolini-fascism\/v\/mussolini-becomes-prime-minister\">Khan Academy &#8211; Mussolini Becomes PM<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"Fascism\"><strong>Fascism<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mussolini was a socialist, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/syndicalism\">syndicalist<\/a>, a nationalist, and then a fascist. Arguably, he combined his previous three beliefs into the final ideology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fascism is a concept far too easily used<\/strong> to describe politicians and governments. It is imperative that you read and understand the meaning so can accurately label the authoritarian leaders of the twentieth century. There are several articles online which you can read to help you understand fascism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.faena.com\/aleph\/articles\/umberto-eco-a-practical-list-for-identifying-fascists\/\">Umberto Eco: A Practical Guide for Identifying Fascists<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"237\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-20-at-3.20.17-PM-1024x237.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-20-at-3.20.17-PM-1024x237.png 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-20-at-3.20.17-PM-300x70.png 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-20-at-3.20.17-PM-768x178.png 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-20-at-3.20.17-PM-1536x356.png 1536w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2020\/09\/Screen-Shot-2020-09-20-at-3.20.17-PM.png 1872w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">https:\/\/time.com\/5556242\/what-is-fascism\/<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although fascism is on the extreme right of the political spectrum, the first use of <em>fascio<\/em> was used by the <strong>syndicalists (the Left)<\/strong> in the 1890s. They used it to emphasise their belief in <strong>brotherhood and solidarity<\/strong>.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Robert Paxton&#8217;s &#8216;Five Stages of Fascism&#8217; explains that there are seven key characteristics to the ideology:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"531\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/What-is-Fascism-1024x531.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7976\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/What-is-Fascism-1024x531.png 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/What-is-Fascism-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/What-is-Fascism-768x398.png 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/What-is-Fascism-1536x796.png 1536w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/What-is-Fascism.png 1992w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"86\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-18-at-10.09.12-AM-1024x86.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7975\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-18-at-10.09.12-AM-1024x86.png 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-18-at-10.09.12-AM-300x25.png 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-18-at-10.09.12-AM-768x65.png 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-18-at-10.09.12-AM-1536x130.png 1536w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/Screenshot-2023-05-18-at-10.09.12-AM.png 1966w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Can you find evidence that the Italian Fascists believed in these factors? Can you see any similarities to Hitler too?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Importantly, Paxton points out that although fascists are conservative and do not want change, they do <strong>want technological improvement <\/strong>(usually military) to achieve their ambitions. Many modern states had groups which espoused fascist ideas after the First World War. They had become <strong>disillusioned with democracy<\/strong> and the liberal ideas promoted so wanted something different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Terry Eagleton&#8217;s <em>What is Fascism <\/em>argues that the concept is primarily used by governments to maintain the <strong>purest form of capitalism<\/strong>. It is also a <strong>strategy to keep the proletariat weak and the bourgeoisie strong<\/strong>. Fascists take advantage of an economic and\/or political crisis and install an ambiguous ideological government. In the twentieth century, the latter involved the threat from the Left. <em>If you argue Spain, Italy, Germany and Japan were fascist, the threat from the Soviet Union was used to help them become so. <strong>Fascism needs an enemy! <\/strong><\/em>(<em>My words<\/em>) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eagleton explains that <strong>industries become monopolies<\/strong> in which they have a huge stake. Consequently, they can create a <strong>totalitarian state<\/strong> as a result, controlling all aspects of society. Free trade is restricted to protect these monopolies and, when the economy declines as a consequence, imperialist expansion becomes the next stage. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However,  fascism is more than an economic policy. Politically, the country becomes more <strong>nationalistic<\/strong> and minorities are persecuted or scapegoated. Eagleton uses the example of Polish metal workers in Nazi Germany to prove this. Rather than keep these highly-skilled tradesmen for the economy, they were exterminated. <br><a href=\"https:\/\/sourcebooks.fordham.edu\/mod\/mussolini-fascism.asp\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/sourcebooks.fordham.edu\/mod\/mussolini-fascism.asp\">Modern History Sourcebook: Benito Mussolini: What is Fascism, 1932<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But it is hard to define what fascism is as it changed, or evolved, under Mussolini. The secret was its flexibility, if he was sufficiently vague about what the concept meant, he could justify any future policy to it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"230\" src=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/FASCISM-1024x230.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7970\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/FASCISM-1024x230.png 1024w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/FASCISM-300x67.png 300w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/FASCISM-768x173.png 768w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/FASCISM-1536x345.png 1536w, https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2023\/05\/FASCISM.png 1948w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 89vw, (max-width: 1000px) 54vw, (max-width: 1071px) 543px, 580px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"Luck\"><strong>Luck<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mussolini achieved power because of several decisions made by other people &#8211; Italy joining the First World War (he supported it but it was not his decision to make).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Soviet Union and its communist ideology (obviously outside of Mussolini&#8217;s control) scared the middle and upper classes across the world. They were more likely to support nationalist groups, even if they were violent if they opposed any rise in socialism or communism. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><p class=\"has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color has-background\" id=\"Revision\"><strong>Revision<\/strong><\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jamboard.google.com\/d\/1RAzWlLLCERmVL6OAiQLrhuK2z5BGMBChna1M0pVWIbs\/edit?usp=sharing\">What type of person was Mussolini? 2020\/22 <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/create.kahoot.it\/share\/mussolini-and-the-rise-to-power\/e97ba72b-18b0-4c7d-b442-3ef6abb81fda\">Kahoot &#8211; Rise to Power<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Timeline 1861 Formation of an independent Italy. 1870 The Papal States incorporated into Italy 1895-6 First Italo-Abyssinian War 1911 Italy invades Libya 1912 Mussolini becomes editor of the Socialist newspaper Avanti 1914 First World War begins, Mussolini expelled from the Party 1915 Italy signs the Treaty of London 1917 Battle of Caporetto 1918 First World &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/mussolini-rise-to-power\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Rise to Power pre-1922&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4304","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4304","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/95"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4304"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4304\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10971,"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4304\/revisions\/10971"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stg.igbis.edu.my\/the-past-changes-a-little-every-time-we-retell-it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4304"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}