You will study the time period 1853 to 1894, two extremely important years in the modern history of Japan. The country moved from an authoritarian state to something that resembled a constitutional monarchy, and possibly a limited democracy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
In this Focus Study, you will answer the following questions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A. What caused the transition to take place?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B. How was the transition achieved?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C. What challenges did society face after the transition?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The resources on this page give you a basic introduction to the period prior to the Meiji Restoration of 1868.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Timeline<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The Birth of the Tokugawa Shogunate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n The Tokugawa Shogunate<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Timeline<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Below are some of the significant dates in and around the timeframe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1839-42<\/strong> First Opium War fought between Britain and China. It led to the Treaty of Nanjing, giving Britain Hong Kong and increased the number of treaty ports from one (Canton) to five.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1853-4<\/strong> US Navy Commodore Perry first met with the Japanese (although Washington gave permission to do so in 1852). He had a substantial force for the meeting, even publicised to the world beforehand (Perry was determined not to be turned away). The Japanese government wanted to turn him away but knew they were outgunned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1856-1860<\/strong> Second Opium War. Britain took advantage of the Qing government\u2019s problems with the Taiping Rebellion to further their trade. A protracted war resulted in GB taking Kowloon and gaining more trade advantages. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 1859<\/strong> By this year, all the major powers had access to Japanese markets and to the key ports. Some also had the law of extraterritoriality agreed upon, whereby foreigners could not be tried in Japanese courts, regardless of their crime. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 1860<\/strong> PM Naosuke assassinated because of his policy of compromising with foreigners. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 1868<\/strong> Meiji Restoration<\/a>. This was a political and social revolution in Japan<\/a> from 1866 to 1869 that ended the power of the Tokugawa shogunate<\/a> and returned the Emperor to a central position in Japanese politics and culture. It is named for Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor<\/a>, who served as the figurehead for the movement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 1871-73<\/strong> Iwakura Mission, government representatives sent to Europe to gather information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1894-95<\/strong> War with China. It was fought over the influence for the Korean peninsula, arguably started by the Japanese by fermenting dissent to Chinese influence. China responded but the ensuing Japanese victory was a surprise to all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n